1937 Congress Ministeries

Government of India Act, 1935:

The Government of India Act, 1935 was formulated after long deliberations but was not fully promulgated but the only provincial part was introduced in the country, the central part was not introduced. The British govt deliberated on it and then the British parliament passed this law and then the king signed this law and this became the govt of India Act of 1935, under which these elections were held. The Muslim League criticized this law for a number of reasons and the same was the case with the Congress party but agreed to contest provincial elections to make advantage of the opportunities being provided under the govt of India Act.

The 1937 Elections:

Background:

These elections of 1937on the provincial levels were held with the restricted franchise and separate electorate. The principle of universal adult franchise implies that citizens of certain minimum age are entitled to vote and that minimum age could be 21, 18, or 16 and that is determined by law. But In case of 1935 elections the British had put certain restrictions and that’s why it was not a universal adult franchise. If you compare it with the previous laws the electorate has been extended and more people were given the right to vote under this Act than was the case in the past. The second main feature of this Act was that in these elections the principle of Separate Electorate was observed. This principle was accepted by the British govt in the govt of India Act 1909 and since then this principle remained effective since that day and this principle means that you elect your members of your own by separate electorate.

Projection of Congress:

The Congress projected itself as an all-India force representing all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League contested for the Muslim seats. The ML focused only on the Muslims because it claimed to be the sole representative of the Muslims. There was a tough competition from the other Muslim organizations in different provinces which were also claiming to be the representatives of the Muslims. In this way the ML was not only competing with the Congress only but with a number of other Muslim groups and political parties at the provincial level. The elections were completed in February 1937. And if we look at the results of these elections we find that the Congress got majorities in five provinces and the provinces from where the Congress got very clear majority were Madras, U.P(United province as it was known at that time), C.P.(central province), Bihar, and Orissa. It emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of 1585 general seats which were reserved for the Non-Muslims. But the Congress got less than 30 seats reserved for the Muslims.

Performance of Muslim League:

Khilafat Movement

Khilafat Movement::

Contest

Khilafat Movement was a religio-political Movement launched by the Muslims of the British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate or khilafat-e-usmania and for not letting for the Muslim holy places go under the control of the Non-Muslims. During the 1^st World War Turkey sided with Germany and as Germany started to loose Turkey also started loosing its territory. By the time 1^st World War came to an end in 1918 Turkey had lost most of its territory. Therefore the issue at that time was how the allied powers would treat Turkey, the Ottoman Empire or the Khilafat-e-usmania and most of its territory had been occupied and this Movement was on its peak from 1919 to 1922, although it went on during the later years.

Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah.

Goals:

What were the goals of this Movement?

• Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.
• Territorial solidarity of Turkey should be preserved.
• Control of holy places of the Muslims should not be given to non-Muslims that were Non-Muslim powers.

Effects

This was the first major political Movement in India which involved the common man. Since the inception of the ML in 1906, the Muslims had started demanding certain safeguards from the British. They were also interacting with the other communities and the Congress party. However politics during that time from 1906 to 1919 was the elitist politics. That is politics of educated people and also people who are well off who could spare time who could spare money were involved in politics.

Khilafat Movement was the 1^st movement where ordinary people were involved, or the ordinary Muslims were involved, people in the streets were involved and therefore politics at that time came down to the ordinary masses.

Mobilization capacity of Islam

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